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Lupus
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Sex differences in autoimmune disease

M D Lockshin

Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Disease; and Mary Kirkland Center for Lupus Research, Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th Street, New York,NY 10021, USALockshinM{at}hss.edu

Female/male ratios of autoimmune diseases range from 10: 1 to 1: 3, with similar severity between the sexes. Men and women respond similarly to the infection and to vaccination, arguing against intrinsic sex differences in immune response. In autoimmune-like illnesses caused by environmental agents sex discrepancy is explained by differences in exposure. Endogenous hormones could cause sex discrepancy if their effect is a threshold off-on switch rather than quantitatively variable. X-inactivation and imprinting could cause sex discrepancy. Other possibilities include chronobiologic differences and pregnancy and menstruation biologies in which men differ from women.

Key Words: autoimmune • environment • hormone • sex differences

Lupus, Vol. 15, No. 11, 753-756 (2006)
DOI: 10.1177/0961203306069353
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